IJA Colors
 
Topics:
Why on Earth is "earth color" dark gray? 
NMF a/c ailerons, etc.
upper surface Blue
JAAF Fuel Tank Color (New)
JAAF Drop Tank color (New)
Akatombo-trainer orange (New)
Dark Blue on JAAF planes (New)
colors on IJA bombers *PIC* (New)
 
Why on Earth is "earth color" dark gray?
 
Posted By: Tom Hall <Hall023038@aol.com>
Date: Saturday, 11 August 2001, at 10:31 a.m.
 
Army color number 43 appears on the 2/45 color standard and is labeled tochi iro (earth color). Mr. Owaki measured the chip as around FS 6008, a dark gray. I have no reason to doubt his measurement.
Isn't tochi iro really brown and not gray? Certainly a number of the Model Art specials think it is. Their chips show it in warm browns. Is gray a valid interpretation of the color name in Japan?
What is going on when several chips on the standard do not fit their names? 
 
Re: Why on Earth is "earth color" dark gray?
 
Posted By: Greg Springer <gspring@ix.netcom.com>
Date: Saturday, 11 August 2001, at 1:13 p.m.
 
In Response To: Why on Earth is "earth color" dark gray? (Tom Hall)
 
It's a misprint. The number should be 0080 which is chestnut/tochi brown.
 
Re: Why on Earth is "earth color" dark gray?
 
Posted By: Tom Hall <Hall023038@aol.com>
Date: Tuesday, 14 August 2001, at 10:06 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Why on Earth is "earth color" dark gray? (Greg Springer)
 
Interesting. I had not thought of chestnut. That is a different kanji from the two for "ground/earth/soil", a different "tochi". Oh well, if there are no official names on the standard, I can only guess which word Mr. Owaki meant.
 
This returns me to my original question: Is dark gray the standard interpretation in Japan for any term "tochi iro"?
Another tricky item is that on the army palette, according to the 2/45 standard, there is only one dark brown, Number 4, which Mr. Owaki measured as near FS 0111, a maroon-brown. I take it to be the color of props and spinners. Where does that leave us regarding brown army planes circa 1945?
 
Re: Color Standards: The "Browns"
 
Posted By: James F. Lansdale <LRAJIM@aol.com>
Date: Wednesday, 15 August 2001, at 8:04 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Why on Earth is "earth color" dark gray? (Tom Hall)
 
There are three "browns" on the Japanese 2/45 Uniform Aircraft Color Standards chart. Presumably, both services used these three "browns" with their "new" uniform numeric codes 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3.
 
One of the uniform standards adopted in February 1945 for both services came from an older IJA color standards whose army number is not now known, (i.e. "new number code" 3-1). As you know, 3-1 was the "older" color known as IJNAF N 0 (FS-20062) or what has sometimes been called "maroon." This color has been found on propeller blades and spinners for both army and naval aircraft.
 
3-2 (FS-30111) IJAAF No.14/IJNAF A 3 was used throughout the war for both services and may have served as the "brown" in the kumogata scheme for IJNAF aircraft. Two samples of this brown have been analyzed. One came from a Betty found on New Guinea and another on a Nell found at Atsugi after the war.
 
3-3 is the color OWAKI-san analyzed as being most like FS-34201, however, with all due respect to OWAKI-san, the color shown on my copy of the 2/45 Standards is more like FS-x6160. This color, known by the IJNAF as I 3 (believed to be the controversial "ameiro" in Yo Ku Report No.0266) has been found on many aircraft relics from both services (including several aircraft types produced by Kawasaki for the IJA and several aircraft types produced by Nakajima for the IJN). Therefore, it too is very likely to have had an older army color standards number not presently known.
 
Much confusion exists between the descriptive terms used for such colors and the color as interpreted by viewers!
 
My copy of the 2/45 Color Standards has no descriptive terms in English or Kanji, only the uniform numeric descriptors (e.g. 2-1, 3-3, 5-1, etc) are found above each color chip. The 1- series are the "greens;" 2-, the "grays;" 3-, the "browns;" 4-, the "yellows;" 5-, the "reds;" and 6-, the "blues." My copy does not have the color samples for 7-1 (black), 8-1 (white), or 9-1 (silver).
 
Re: Color Standards: The "Browns"
>
Posted By: Tom Hall <Hall023038@aol.com><
Date: Wednesday, 15 August 2001, at 5:27 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Color Standards: The "Browns" (James F. Lansdale)
 
Thanks for your reply, but we are getting rather far afield from my question.
 
Yes, I noted 3~1, a navy color, N0, but as I understand Mr. Owaki's transcription, that color was unique to the navy as of 2/45 and I'm talking about army.
What is interesting to me, besides trying to understand Japanese color words, is that the 2/45 standard does not seem to have anything in the range of FS 0097, 3105 and 0118 for the army.
 
Re: Color Standards:P.S.
 
Posted By: James F. Lansdale <LRAJIM@aol.com>
Date: Thursday, 16 August 2001, at 5:57 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Color Standards: The "Browns" (Tom Hall)
 
You also wrote,"What is interesting to me, besides trying to understand Japanese color words, is that the 2/45 standard does not seem to have anything in the range of FS 0097, 3105 and 0118 for the army."
 
Actually three separate issues cloud the study of IJAAF colors and the colors which actually appeared on the 2/45 Color Standards.
 
1) Although it is clear that there were "official" color standards for IJAAF, for the first three years or so of WW II, the JAAF persisted in frequently applying field finishes to their aircraft and to cover whatever factory finish the aircraft was delivered in. Undoubtedly many "non-official" colors were used.
 
2) Many older IJAAF "official" colors were dropped by 2/45, which may have included the colors you cited.
 
3) As you have so also noted in the "Asahi Journal," the original paint colors applied to the aircraft may have shifted over time due to chemical breakdown and/or weathering of the paints. Bleed through of two or more layers of paint would also have been a factor Therefore, no one can really "know" what the original colors truly were on application. We only know the color of the relics today and try to work backward in time as to the original color!
 
Re: Japanese Aircraft Color Standards
 
Posted By: James F. Lansdale <LRAJIM@aol.com>>
Date: Wednesday, 15 August 2001, at 7:03 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Color Standards: The "Browns" (Tom Hall)
 
The Uniform Japanese Aircraft Color Standards of 2/45 was an attempt on the part of military authorities to simplify/coordinate and make uniform the army and navy aircraft colors from other pre-existing service specific color standards and their respective numbering systems.
 
1)There were several other color standards published and used by the IJA and IJN prior to 2/45.
 
2) Not all the previous army and navy colors are known by their respective code number.
 
3) Some previously used colors were unique to each service.
 
4) Some colors were not carried over to the Uniform Japanese Aircraft Color Standards of 2/45.
 
Your questions cannot be easily answered until the research reveals more information. And, perhaps, some of these answers will never be forth-coming!
 
When OWAKI-san placed asteriks in his posting it was due to the fact that these numbers are/were not known at the time of his posting, if they did in fact exist! What is known is that some of these blanks (asteriks) had a numeric coding which has, in some cases, been recovered. Some are now known, others are not!
 
These prior color standard systems in official use, prior to 2/45, consisted of arabic numerals for the IJA and an alpha-numeric system for the IJN. Sometimes the color/s used by th two services were the same and other colors were not. That was the reason for the joint IJA/N meeting/conference which resulted in the 2/45 Color Standards system as published by OWAKI-san. Much more research is needed before all the blanks can be filled in prior to 2/45.
 
I urge you to contact OWAKI-san directly since he is now pursuing the color quest on his own and our respective research efforts are independent. For now, the research group I am working with is utilizing archival material and research which will be incorporated into a work in progress.
 
Only OWAKI-san may comment on what he meant by his posting. I can only quote what our research group has discovered.
 
Further, you write, "What is interesting to me, besides trying to understand Japanese color words, is that the 2/45 standard does not seem to have anything in the range of FS 0097, 3105 and 0118 for the army."
 
The official sources/standards DID NOT use descriptive terms (other than in Yo Ku Report No.0266)! The official sources contained color chips with a numbering system. The names given to these color standards appear to have come into use after the war by various authors and other IJA/NAF "authorities."
 
The Federal Standards (FS 595 B) system of colors is very limited and the best color system to use for true color comparisons to the existing original chips is the Munsell system (as also used by OWAKI-san, MIKESH, et al). You should compare all your color analyses to this system as well.
 
Have you seen an original copy of the original Color Standards of 2/45? If not, again, I urge you to contact OWAKI-san directly. He is the leading Japanese authority on this subject.
 
Re: Japanese Aircraft Color Standards
 
Posted By: Tom Hall <Hall023038@aol.com>
Date: Wednesday, 15 August 2001, at 10:21 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Japanese Aircraft Color Standards (James F. Lansdale)
 
I think at least one of my questions can be answered easily, but by a Japanese person. It is whether "tochi iro" is usually considered to be dark gray. I welcome the interpretations of Japanese other than Mr. Owaki; I already have Mr. Owaki's interpretation.
 
No, I have not seen this standard. Would you be kind enough to post you copy of it here for all of us to see?
 
Re: Japanese Aircraft Color Standards
 
Posted By: James F. Lansdale <LRAJIM@aol.com>
Date: Thursday, 16 August 2001, at 5:24 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Japanese Aircraft Color Standards (Tom Hall)
 
You ask, "No, I have not seen this standard. Would you be kind enough to post you copy of it here for all of us to see?"
 
Unfortunately I do not have the necessary clearances/permissions (from other concerned parties) to do so until the publication of a works in progress! Dave PLUTH , among others, has seen the original and I welcome your visit to, as Dave calls it, the "Lansdale Japanese Relic Museum and Research Facilities" to view it as well! (;>)
 
Perhaps OWAKI-san will post his copy.
 
Re: Color Standards: The "Browns"
 
Posted By: Joern Leckscheid <Joern.Leckscheid@t-online.de>
Date: Wednesday, 15 August 2001, at 3:27 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Color Standards: The "Browns" (James F. Lansdale)
 
thanks for finally clearing up what the "X-Y" codes mean - they´ve been quite puzzling to me ever since Owaki-san posted them. Have any new findings of his come to light since then? One of the last things he mentioned on this board, if I recall correctly, was that he was hoping to contact somebody who worked for one of the paint manufacturers during the war. That was about twenty months ago...
 
Re: Why on Earth is "earth color" dark gray?
 
Posted By: James F. Lansdale <LRAJIM@aol.com>
Date: Saturday, 11 August 2001, at 5:16 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Why on Earth is "earth color" dark gray? (Greg Springer)
 
What is your source for this being a "misprint"/typo?
 
All the colors on the Feb 1945 Standards in the 2-1, 2-2 (#43/Tochi-iro), 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6 range are grays or grayish and/or blue grays, but not brown! I also have an original copy of color chips from the Japanese Color Standards and the "browns" are prefixed by the numeral "3" i.e. 3-1, 3-2, 3-3.
 
Also, OWAKI-san is specfic in his analysis that this color, 2-2 (IJA #43), is 2.5Y 3/.03 as matched to the Munsell color standards key. This (2.5Y 3/.03) color is definitely more gray than brown!!!
 
I think that the meaning/use of the term "Tochi-iro" for this color by OWAKI-san is more subtle than just calling this color an "earth" or "earth brown." but rather it might be translated as "land" color with a different nuance!
 
My copy of the Japanese Color Standards color chips only has the numeric coding, as provided by TODA-san, with NO kanji terms being used to describe these colors. I do not know where OWAKI-san saw the terms he used nor can I document the provenance of such terminology to any wartime official sources.
 
Re: Why on Earth is "earth color" dark gray?
 
Posted By: Greg Springer <gspring@ix.netcom.com>
Date: Sunday, 12 August 2001, at 8:31 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Why on Earth is "earth color" dark gray? (James F. Lansdale)
 
I was presuming (which frequently gets me in dutch) that the color name supplied by Owaki-san was correct. 'Tochi' is a horse chestnut, or buckeye. There are two kanji for it, one for the tree, one for the nut.(?) The translations in my dictionary are umambiguous. The color is a deep brown. Perhaps in Japan they are dark gray? Since I don't have a Munsell book, I was unable to cross check the FS number. (I really need to win the lottery so I can buy one.) So I stand, or rather sit here, corrected. Tochi would (to me) be more correct for color 3-1, FS 0062. That color was used on Ki 61s late in the war, e.g. the katabami/'shamrock' plane. The 00 series also led me to pick 0080. This leads to another question. Do you know of any records of army aircraft camouflaged with 6008? Perhaps it's for anti-glare panels.
 
NMF a/c ailerons, etc.
 
Posted By: Robert Stephenson <rstephen@hom.net>
Date: Friday, 6 April 2001, at 10:05 a.m.
 
I'm a bit late to the dance on the latest regarding JAAF and JNAF colors. I've gone through the FAQs and can't seem to find anything regarding the colors of the flying surfaces on natural metal a/c. Various profiles and model kit instructions seem to indicate that they were painted JAAF gray. Is this the Hai-Ryokushohu color that I've been reading about? If so is there a difference between the Army and Navy versions of this color? Or were the flying surfaces painted with aluminum dope? It's difficult to discern from photos just how they were treated.
 
Re: NMF a/c ailerons, etc.
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Sunday, 8 April 2001, at 2:05 p.m.
 
In Response To: NMF a/c ailerons, etc. (Robert Stephenson)
 
Both the Ki43 & Ki44 in natural metal finish featured control surfaces painted the "standard" Army grey-green colour. This colour has been described as sometimes "blueish" sometimes "greenish" depending on the paint content. According to Ichiro Hasegawa the colour was darker and less yellowish or beige than the grey-green of Nakajima built Zeros.
 
Ian K Baker suggests FS*4424 and *4226 as typical matches and mixes of Testors MM FS.34159 with white and yellow to achieve them. He includes a paint chip in his "Aviation History Colouring Book" Special No.40 which is a useful guide.
 
If you like acrylics and the convenience of OOB then both Gunze Sangyo H62 IJA Gray and Tamiya XF-14 JA Grey would be typical.
In enamels Aeromaster Warbird 9095 Army Gray is good - if you can find it! Xtracolor X352 Japanese WWII Army Grey is not bad but has a gloss finish.
Don't forget the bottom of the Ki43 rudder was metal skinned - the division is obvious in most Oscar model kits.
 
The grey-green for the Ki44 control surfaces is shown quite nicely in the colour plates in FAOW 16 on the type, published by Bunrin-Do. 
 
upper surface Blue
 
Posted By: JC Carbonel <jean-christophe.carbonel@laposte.fr>
Date: Wednesday, 14 March 2001, at 9:23 a.m.
 
This question is prompted by the thread on Ki 44 undersurfaces but maybe it has been already solved elsewhere :
 
in Thorpe's "bible" one can see many different "blue" aircraft all in different shades of blue. ranging from what would call "Navy blue" to "light blue grey" through other colours more like PRU Blue or "Azure Blue". Yet when one's go to Japanese Army / Navy aircraft colour chart one finds only one (dark) blue.
As far as clues are called I have only seen one picture of derelict Helens with blue criss cross pattern on them and for my eyes it could as well be the blue of the sky reflecting on a (green ?) paint. This is fairly common with modern aircraft which look "grey" when it is rainy and "blue" when it is shiny....
 
Can someone shed some light on this rather messy point ?
(I may turn blue out of confusion if the answers are too obvious!)
 
Re: Upper Surface Blues
 
Posted By: Tom Hall <Hall023038@aol.com>
Date: Thursday, 15 March 2001, at 5:50 a.m.
 
In Response To: upper surface Blue (JC Carbonel)
 
You raise a great topic. Let's backtrack, though, on the number of blues. I count four colors on the 2/45 standard that might qualify as blues. Going from darkest to lightest:
Kokuranshoku (apparently army only, around FS 5044)
Hairanshoku (apparently army only, around FS 5045)
Aoiro (a/k/a E1 in the navy, around FS 5080)
Tanseishoku (a/k/a E3 in the navy, around FS 5109)
 
Then we have the problem of how Hai-ryokushoku, a/k/a J3 in 1945, FS 6350, apparently deteriorated into something like a blue-gray on Dinah. Mr. Lansdale showed this phenomenon in photos.
In addition, there was L3, a navy medium gray which might have been taken for blue under some circumstances. And there is nothing to say that maintenance personnel stuck only to colors which appear on the 2/45 standard, or only to colors for their branch of the military.  
Of course, you can see how anti-glare paint may have evolved into 2/45 Kokuranshoku. We tend to assume from US Navy planes that blues were mainly over-water camouflage, but they were probably also used as a night camouflage.
 
I agree that the Helen which Joern has posted here probably was dark green camo, but perhaps over bare skin.
 
Upper surface blues on Ki-43 and -45.....
 
Posted By: Dan Salamone <heroncreek@qwest.net>
Date: Wednesday, 14 March 2001, at 9:48 p.m.
 
In Response To: upper surface Blue (JC Carbonel)
 
In the near future there will be further elaboration on blue Ki-43's- Jim Lansdale posted this a few months back and the gent who is doing the research will share it here at J-aircraft when complete. I cannot recall what Sentai the aircraft was from as like Nick says the 20th Sentai is reported as having some dark blue Ki-43II Otsu.
 
Also, in 1999(?) Katsushi Owaki reported that parts of a Ki-45 downed near Tokyo were blue, FS 25045 upper surfaces over FS 26270 lower surfaces. It is unknown if the blue was solid or in blotches similar to a "standard" Ki-45 scheme. This aircraft was from the Hitachi flying school and used in a ramming attack. Information from this aircraft can be found in Asahi Journal 4.1 page 21.
 
Re: upper surface Blue
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Wednesday, 14 March 2001, at 9:32 a.m.
 
In Response To: upper surface Blue (JC Carbonel)
 
RAF combat reports from Burma include many references to blue (and black) Oscars, some seen very closely! Perhaps the blue was faded black as some Oscars were used for night operations. (Refer to Jas Jottings Vol 6 Nos 2 & 3 for my articles on Oscar Units in Burma, which includes a profile of one "blue" Oscar recreated from an RAF report)
 
Japanese veterans of the 20th Sentai (also known to conduct night operations) recall their Oscars being painted in kon-iro, blue colour, apparently a quite dark purplish blue in that case. 
 
JAAF Fuel Tank Color
 
Posted By: Dave C. <dvdcl@hotmail.com>
Date: Friday, 19 April 2002, at 12:17 a.m.
 
I would like to know what the correct color to use for Japanese Army aircraft fuel tanks. The Hasagawa kit instructions say to use orange-yellow. I have heard that this is incorrrect. What color should I paint them? Does anyone have a paint mix for the approiate color?
 
Re: JAAF Fuel Tank Color
 
Posted By: Grant Goodale <grant.goodale@sympatico.ca>
Date: Saturday, 20 April 2002, at 5:24 p.m.
 
In Response To: JAAF Fuel Tank Color (Dave C.)
 
What aircraft is this for? There have been some reports of yellow drop tanks on Ki-61s and Ki-100s. Take a look in the Army section of FAQs under the desired aircraft. Your answer *might* be there.
 
Re: JAAF Fuel Tank Color
 
Posted By: Dave C. <dvdcl@hotmail.com>
Date: Sunday, 21 April 2002, at 11:09 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: JAAF Fuel Tank Color (Grant Goodale)
 
There are posts on the Ki-43 Oscar FAQ Pt.2&3. Also if you use the search engine you will find several posts (August 4, 1999) about the yellow drop tanks . Tennessee Katsuta had an interesting post that said the yellow drop tanks are not accurate. So thats where I got my information.
 
Re: JAAF Fuel Tank Color
 
Posted By: Dave C. <dvdcl@hotmail.com>
Date: Saturday, 20 April 2002, at 9:56 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: JAAF Fuel Tank Color (Grant Goodale)
 
Thank you for your reply. I have read the FAQ. But I would like to have color mixes or the correct color to use. I want to be safe and not sorry when it comes to the fuel tanks on my JAAF aircraft models.I would rather leave the fuel tanks off than to have them the wrong color. I am currently working on a Ki-44,Ki-84, and a Ki-61. I have heard that the orange yellow for fuel tanks is incorrect.
 
Re: JAAF Fuel Tank Color
 
Posted By: Hiroyuki Takeuchi
Date: Monday, 22 April 2002, at 11:54 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: JAAF Fuel Tank Color (Dave C.)
 
The source for orange yellow is from the account of a GI who's seen them after the war.
 
The source for green gray is from an IJA color standard document that specifies "yellow green #7 (or whatever the number was)" which seems to have been some sort of a light greyish green from testimonies.
 
My conclusion is gray-green of some sort is safe (if there's a standard, it would have existed), the orange yellow is more risky but you can't say it's wrong (just because it was not standard, it does not mean it didn't exist).
 
Re: JAAF Fuel Tank Color
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Sunday, 21 April 2002, at 10:41 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: JAAF Fuel Tank Color (Dave C.)
 
I'd be interested to learn where you heard that orange-yellow for droptanks is incorrect and what the source is for that. A lot of recent Japanese sources depict the tanks orange-yellow and that is consistent with their appearance in some photographs. However the FAOW on the Ki-44 shows droptanks in the grey-green colour.
 
The restored Ki-43 I droptank shown in Aero Detail 29 appears to be painted in a "Duck Egg Blue" colour but I don't know if this is copied from the original. In the modelling book "The Samurai's Wings" author Peter Fearis attributes natural metal, orange yellow, light grey, dark green or red-brown primer as acceptable alternative colours for these tanks.
 
Whatever the colour(s) it seems to have been quite common for just one tank to be carried on the Ki-44.
 
JAAF Drop Tank color
 
Posted By: Wes Stachnick <beckwes@msn.com>
Date: Saturday, 24 August 2002, at 3:31 p.m.
 
I am getting back to my first modeling love after several years ,JAAF & JNAF aircraft.I will have many questions that I must catch up on so please bear with me.First question, what color were JAAF drop tanks?I see "yellow" tanks on many kits and artist renderings.Hasagawa calls for GS H58 Interior green.What is the general opinion among this fine and learned group? Any FS Standard or paint mix ?
 
Re: JAAF Drop Tank color
 
Posted By: OWAKI, Katsushi <maystorm@kani.or.jp>
Date: Sunday, 25 August 2002, at 4:43 p.m.
 
In Response To: JAAF Drop Tank color (Wes Stachnick)
 
I have some information for Japanese drop tank colors as follows;
 
2.5GY5/1.8---Navy wooden drop tank/400liters---FS34226 but slightly yellowish.
2.5B5.5/1---Army bamboo drop tank/200liters---FS26280.
7.5Y3/2---Army wooden drop tank/600liters---FS33070/JAAF Olive Drab.
 
Re: JAAF Drop Tank color
 
Posted By: Wes Stachnick <beckwes@msn.com>
Date: Friday, 30 August 2002, at 9:25 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: JAAF Drop Tank color (OWAKI, Katsushi)
 
Thankyou for your responce to my IJAAF drop tank color question.this helped a great deal and I am using you suggestion on my Ki-84.
  
Akatombo-trainer orange
 
Posted By: Elephtheriou George <arawasi_g@hotmail.com>
Date: Friday, 23 August 2002, at 6:58 a.m.
 
checked in the FAQS but couldn't find any references to the orange color used to paint the trainers and especially the Akatombo/Tachikawa Ki-9. Any FS numbers? In the research section found numbers 1400, 2246, 2473. The 2473 looks the most probable. Any ideas?
 
Re: Akatombo-trainer orange
 
Posted By: Joern Leckscheid <Joern.Leckscheid@t-online.de>
Date: Saturday, 24 August 2002, at 1:13 a.m.
 
In Response To: Akatombo-trainer orange (Elephtheriou George)
 
What´s going on, are you planning to sit down and BUILD something at long last?
Okay, quite some time ago, around 1998/99, the following information was posted:
 
FS 33538/13415 “Trainer Orange Yellow – Army”
Verified to a wing strut from a Type 95 Trainer
 
My mix for that would be :
Gunze H 329 – 95% + H 24 – 5 %
 
I don´t quite recall who posted these findings, but it should have been Owaki-san or Urs Bopp.
 
Re: Akatombo-trainer orange
 
Posted By: Elephtheriou George <arawasi_g@hotmail.com>
Date: Wednesday, 28 August 2002, at 10:30 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Akatombo-trainer orange (Joern Leckscheid)
 
as you know I would like to build a couple (well...okay. Maybe more...) trainers in Manchurian markings and I would really like to finish that trainner in Nationalist China markings I promised the guys from last year's NATS. But, anyway...
 
Thank you for your FS numbers. Somehow they look VERY yellowish to me. I would choose this color for the IFF stripe not for the entire plane. Almost all the illustrations I have seen (Emblems, KFI 42, FAOW on the Spruce) show the Army trainers to carry almost the same orange as the Navy trainers.
Check if you like the walkaround section (from the front page). Dave has put up some of the photos I took during our visit to the Harada museum (thats why it took me some time to reply to your and other guy's postings. Sorry about that). Check the orange wheels. I'm still trying to figure out the type of the plane. Maybe a Willow, maybe a Spruce... How did your photos came out?
 
Re: Akatombo-trainer orange
 
Posted By: joe taylor <joe.taylor@bellhowell.com>
Date: Thursday, 29 August 2002, at 8:28 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Akatombo-trainer orange (Elephtheriou George)
 
I have been looking for this color for my Spruce. I found but not yet considered Floquil Railroad color Mandarin (China) Red. If available you may want to see for yourself.
 
Re: Akatombo-trainer orange
 
Posted By: Bob Chubb <robert.l.chubb@verizon.net>
Date: Saturday, 24 August 2002, at 9:13 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Akatombo-trainer orange (Joern Leckscheid)
 
Can anybody tell me if the J8M1 used the same Orange/Yellow blend for it's prototype color?
 
Re: Akatombo-trainer orange
 
Posted By: Joern Leckscheid <Joern.Leckscheid@t-online.de>
Date: Sunday, 25 August 2002, at 6:26 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Akatombo-trainer orange (Bob Chubb)
 
the "Orange" colour generally quoted for Navy Trainers/Prototypes is FS 12300, although I´m not aware that a relic of a Shusui exists to prove it. However, it is a reasonably safe bet to use this one, and I will paint my Hasegawa/Pit Road "Shusui" in this colour should I ever get around to build it.
 
A Gunze Aqueous Hobby Color mix close to FS 12300 would be: H 4 – 95% + H 5 – 5%.
 
Re: Akatombo-trainer orange
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Saturday, 24 August 2002, at 2:22 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Akatombo-trainer orange (Joern Leckscheid)
 
Yes! I like that! It is much more like the "yellow" in the photograph too.
 
I think "Akatombo" referred to the Navy trainers which were more reddish-orange???
 
Re: Akatombo-trainer orange
 
Posted By: Joern Leckscheid <Joern.Leckscheid@t-online.de>
Date: Saturday, 24 August 2002, at 2:58 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Akatombo-trainer orange (Nick Millman)
 
yes, I think "Akatombo" (Red Dragonfly) was the popular name given to the Navy Type 93 Trainer by its pilots.
I wonder if it was the first Navy type to be painted in the "orange" scheme?
 
Anyway, I do recall there was a colour profile in an old Koku Fan showing a Ki-9 (I think) in Korean (1950´s) markings. I think the bottom of this plane was still shown in orange. Obviously very few Army types received this colour at all.
 
Re: Akatombo-trainer orange
 
Posted By: Elephtheriou George <arawasi_g@hotmail.com>
Date: Wednesday, 28 August 2002, at 10:44 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Akatombo-trainer orange (Joern Leckscheid)
 
"Akatombo" was the popular name for the Ki-9/ Spruce not the K5Y (as far as know about the Willow). I'm sure about the Akatombo-Spruce because I have in my hands a book dedicated to the Ki-9 entitled "Akatombo" (we rent it from the Aviation Library).
 
The Ki-17, Ki-55/Ida, Ki-86 were also painted trainer orange and I wouldn't be surprised if Mansyu Ki-79s were painted orange too.
 
"Akatombo", I think, was the nickname for the Navy Orange color. It was not given to any specific plane.
 
What do you think?
 
Re: Akatombo-trainer orange
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Friday, 23 August 2002, at 11:39 p.m.
 
In Response To: Akatombo-trainer orange (Elephtheriou George)
 
there is a colour photograph in "WWII Pacific War Eagles in Original Color" by Ethell/Bodie (page 214) which shows a biplane trainer to be much more "yellow" - more like the wing leading edge ID strips. Were some trainers painted this deep yellow colour I wonder? If you don't have this book I will send you a scan of the photograph.
 
I used a slightly more "yellowed" version of 2473 on one of my Ki-55's and found it to have a very pleasing appearance indeed.
 
Re: Akatombo-trainer orange
 
Posted By: Elephtheriou George <arawasi_g@hotmail.com>
Date: Wednesday, 28 August 2002, at 10:46 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Akatombo-trainer orange (Nick Millman)
 
I tend to believe too that a 12300-12473 is closer. I would use a 12300...
 
Re: Akatombo-trainer orange
 
Posted By: George Dively <jordy@erols.com>
Date: Friday, 23 August 2002, at 8:22 p.m.
 
In Response To: Akatombo-trainer orange (Elephtheriou George)
 
From Ian K. Baker's "Aviation History Colouring Book, #38" he suggests the red-orange color is between PMS 1665U and PMS 172U from the Pantone system. I have placed the swatches down and visualized the range of deep to bright red-oranges that would be indicated with his information and I believe they are quite pleasing, and in contrast with the Hinomaru in B&W photos of Ki-9s, look pretty believable too.
 
Dark Blue on JAAF planes
 
Posted By: Roy Wiggs <roy493@open.org>
Date: Saturday, 10 August 2002, at 8:58 a.m.
 
I don't know if this question has been addressed before but
I'm going to do a Ki-100 and I want to do it in the dark
blue over silver pictured in the Donald Thorpe publication.
My question is; has this scheme ever been documented? Were
some late war Japanese A/C painted in this color?
 
Blue Dinah ?
 
Posted By: JCC <modelarchives@free.fr>
Date: Thursday, 15 August 2002, at 4:33 a.m.
 
In Response To: Dark Blue on JAAF planes (Roy Wiggs)
 
Hello, I submit this funny thought on blue aircraft here : the aircraft pictured on page 63 of FAOW (red) n°38 (Dinah) looks to me like it COULD be Aotake overall because the structure of the aircraft shows up a lot through paint so the paint should be a clear type . And this COULD explain the "medium blue" Dinah illustrated in Thorpe . From this I can see some debate but then the "why" paint an aircraft Aotake . So maybe it is all sillyness on my part but then at least there is a picture to base the discussion on !
 
Methinks
 
Posted By: Peter <f14peter@yahoo.com>
Date: Tuesday, 13 August 2002, at 9:51 a.m.
 
In Response To: Dark Blue on JAAF planes (Roy Wiggs)
 
the blue upper surface color has since been debunked (Either as a dark green or maybe a dark grey). That said, go ahead and do it! I did and my Okaki Ki-100 looks great (The blue really sets off the hinomarus!) and whenever someone calls me on the color, I simply state it represents the aircraft, "As depicted in Thorpe's . . . "
 
As an aside, I do find it interesting that a country (An island country, at that) that saw its aircraft spending a fair amount of time over water, never officially adopted a blue scheme. I fully understand the grey-green as an air-to-air camoflage and the green upper as a air-to-ground camoflage, but even carrier based bombers early in the war were painted green on the upper surface.
 
IJN Greens
 
Posted By: Bill Leyh <hawk81@pacbell.net>
Date: Tuesday, 13 August 2002, at 12:43 p.m.
 
In Response To: Methinks (Peter)
 
If you look at most of the IJN greens, you'll see they have a strong blue tint - they're blue-green. After sailing across the Pacific, through the Phoenix, Gilbert, Marshall, Mariana, Bonin, and Japanese islands I can tell you that, especially in the coastal areas, the water is predominantly a vivid blue-green color. It's quite beautiful. And stunning.
 
Re: Methinks
 
Posted By: Rich Leonard <rdkcleon@erols.com>
Date: Tuesday, 13 August 2002, at 10:51 a.m.
 
In Response To: Methinks (Peter)
 
Well, for what it's worth, going ashore shortly after the surrender, my father, a member of the TF38 staff, remembers seeing a B7A at Atsugi that was dark blue with light grey undersides. He remarked that it looked quite similar to USN types prior to the overall dark blue adopted towards the end of the war.
 
Blue an unsuitable colour?
 
Editors note: Some postings in this thread have not been collected since they
wandered way off topic.
 
Re: Methinks
 
Posted By: Roy Wiggs <roy493@open.org>
Date: Tuesday, 13 August 2002, at 10:01 a.m.
 
In Response To: Methinks (Peter)
 
Thanks for the input Peter, I thought maybe the blue scheme
had been discounted like the lavender Rufes but like you I'm
going to do my Otaki in blue and I'll save the dark green
for the Hasegawa kit. I'm finishing up an Otaki Ki-61 that
I started many years ago and it also is not totally accurate.
 
I've got the JAAF Blues
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Tuesday, 13 August 2002, at 3:20 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Methinks (Roy Wiggs)
 
This thread started as a question about JAAF aircraft painted blue and drifted across blue-green waters towards IJN types . . . .
 
I'm surprised we're still talking here about "de-bunked" blue when there is clear and unequivocal contemporary evidence from both sides reporting blue-painted JAAF aircraft, whether it falls on receptive ears or fits a particular theory or not.
 
Thorpe and more recent Japanese sources (more than one) have cited clear evidence for a blue paint. In addition to a BROAD DAYLIGHT close encounter with a BLUE Oscar in which the RAF pilot was close enough and clear enough to be able to note the hinomaru were "outlined in a darker red" (I constructed a profile based on this report) we have an RAF intelligence officer's detailed notes providing primary, contemporary evidence, obtained in close proximity (i.e. standing next to . . .) to static examples, of at least two blue-camouflaged Oscars in Burma.
 
Then we have reports from 20th Sentai personnel stating that their Ki-43 aircraft were painted a dark purplish blue on arrival in Formosa.
 
Of course all this could just be a trick of the light . . . . . . . or a particularly blue-ish green . . . . . or the particularly elusive blue-ish, green-ish, blue-green hue of Scotch Mist.
 
To paraphrase a well-known president - what part of the word "blue" don't you understand?
 
Re: I've got the JAAF Blues
 
Posted By: Franek Grabowski <frantag@friko4.onet.pl>
Date: Wednesday, 14 August 2002, at 7:11 a.m.
 
In Response To: I've got the JAAF Blues (Nick Millman)
 
Sorry Nick but you've presented absolutely NO EVIDENCE!
Perception of colour is quite an interesting however very long subject. Least to say everyone of us is seeing in different way.
The colour seen is also very prone to the surrounding colours as well as lighting conditions. The colour seen against deep blue sky or in the sunshine will be much different from the same seen in moderate conditions.
As an interesting sample I may say that a renowned Luftwaffe colour reasearcher and a friend of mine was once examining the bit of fabric from the German a/c. Having it outdoor in nice sunny weather he found it a good match for RLM74 or dark blue gray as described in CEAR. Nevertheless, being a pro, he took out his paint chips and much to his surprise found the colour was pristine RLM70!
I wouldn't bother much with the pilot's account either. Please have in mind that apart of natural trouble with perception of colours, perhaps multiplied by being in the air, he was in highly emotional condition with plenty of adrenaline. He was simply 'on drugs', so it's natural his perception was rather limited.
Finally concerning CEARs, quite recently I had a disscussion concerning certain Fw 190. CEAR stated that the a/c had numerals with white outline while photos showed them black! I suppose that hand written note 'with outlines' became 'white outlines' during typing the report. Such errors are unfortunatelly common in those reports and they should be backed by other evidence.
I wouldn't be surprised if those 'Peregrine Falcons' (Japanese names are so pretty, why you use US ones? ;) ) were in dark green-grey colour without any tint of blue!
 
Evidence
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Thursday, 15 August 2002, at 9:17 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: I've got the JAAF Blues (Franek Grabowski)
 
I think you are getting mixed up between EVIDENCE and PROOF.
 
The various researches provide EVIDENCE but may not PROVE the existence of blue painted JAAF aircraft beyond a reasonable doubt.
 
Your dismissal of the evidence provides no counter-evidence and your dismissal of the visual evidence which I cited is more subjective than that evidence itself. i.e. you are doubting its veracity on supposition. You are supposing that the combat and intelligence reports were mistaken. Were they? How do you know? It is a huge leap of faith for you to propose the dogma that trauma induces distorted colour perception. Scientific medical evidence indicates that the brain actually processes information more slowly, and therefore more meticulously, during adrenalin surges (hence the feeling that everything goes into slow motion during a traffic accident for example).
 
Primary, contemporary accounts and descriptions are historical evidence and of value. We may doubt them or believe them subjective but they are nevertheless evidence - albeit not proof! It is the sifting and evaluation of historical evidence which makes the study of history so rewarding. Dismissing primary visual, verbal and written evidence out of hand is a flawed approach to historical research and if applied to the era before photography would result in an historical "black hole".
 
My own personal, objective view is that there is more evidence for blue JAAF aircraft existing than not existing. An old saying goes "there is no smoke without fire".
 
This topic always seems to stimulate passionate views.
 
Re: Evidence
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Thursday, 15 August 2002, at 1:55 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Evidence (Franek Grabowski)
 
Well, I don't believe I have accepted these sources "blindly"!
 
I proposed a number of "pieces" of evidence to support the likely use of blue paint - only one of which was a combat report - and a rather detailed combat report at that. The combat report tends to corroborate the other evidence. Is it a reliable report? I don't know - but to dismiss it as unreliable on the basis of your experience with ETO reports is a bold conclusion indeed! With the greatest respect, I suggest that to challenge the reliability of a document you have not even seen by comparing it to the "type of documents" you know well cannot be a credible methodology. Is that not blindly refusing to accept them?
 
The intelligence report (not combat report) I referred to was not written by memory but was a contemporaneous record of what was seen close at hand when analysing the remains of abandoned JAAF aircraft. The inclusion of measured dimensions (of markings) and sketches suggests the analysis was meticulous and I cannot believe such a witness would record "green" as "blue" because of some trick of the light. The more so because the presence of green, "olive", "bright" and "dark" was also recorded! If this is not evidence then I don't know what is!
 
Jim Lansdale has positively refuted your assertion that there is no record of JAAF blue paint so I will not linger on that topic - other than to reiterate that Thorpe identified a dark blue paint - possibly from the study of relics - as A22 - and associated it with a Ki-100 of the 5th Sentai. Jim has gone further in presenting some very fascinating further evidence of blue Oscars from more than one respected and learned source.
 
I cannot accept your proposition that unusual colour schemes would not have escaped the camera and that therefore the absence of photographs is negative evidence. To begin with, Jim has rightly pointed out that true colour cannot be accurately determined from monochrome images. We are not talking about silver or yellow Oscars, but dark blue ones - any discernable difference between dark blue and dark green in a monochrome image is inconclusive either way.
 
Further, there were almost 6,000 Oscars produced. The known photographs of Oscars account for only a small proportion of the total. The absence of photographs of Oscars in "unusual schemes" proves nothing.
 
Finally, I cannot usefully comment on your assertion that stress induces a "blueish" caste to what is seen nor that recollections become hazy. We are all individuals with individual capabilities, characteristics and flaws. A witness is not a witness per se. Some are more reliable than others; some blessed with almost photographic recall of exceptional clarity - others only able to provide the vaguest of details. I would expect combat reports to reflect that individuality.
 
What makes them fascinating is that they are direct windows to historical events, warts and all. When something in them links to something else they may become valuable. My open mind accepts them as potentially valid pieces of a bigger picture - but hardly "blindly".
 
If the possibility of blue Oscars has been persuasively presented from an accumulation of evidence - which I believe it has - then surely Flt Lt "Jimmy" James' Oscar with "dark blue fuselage paintwork", its very red roundels outlined in a darker red, is more rather than less likely? If that is the case, his report could be considered reliable.
 
What was the reason for this colour? Was this colour originally blue or the result of a colour shift - a change? Now that - that - is the worthy objective of our further research!
 
Re: Evidence
 
Posted By: Franek Grabowski <frantag@friko4.onet.pl>
Date: Thursday, 15 August 2002, at 3:54 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Evidence (Nick Millman)
 
Regarding PCRs, ICRs, CEARs etc.
Personal Combat Reports are the reports filled by individual airmen after the sortie. It's important to note that the available reports were retyped and often altered to be more readable (IIRC This was eg. the case of one of PCRs of Franciszek Surma of 308 Sqn). Very often an airman after the combat was barely able to say any logical words!
Sometimes pilot's recollections do not agree with PCR statements but this not neccessarilly means the pilot is wrong. This was the case of Michal Cwynar and his victory on 30.07.1944. The PCR was short and described events in quite a different way rather than the pilot 50 years later. Luckily the cine-camera film survived and prooved the PCR to be wrong.
Most important for any such document is the personality of the man writing it. I've seen the ones covering both sides of paper as well as the ones quiting after few sentences. Samples are eg. PCRs of F/L Johny Kent and on the opposite of the Sgt Szaposznikow both of 303 Sqn.
Very important was also experience of an airman who took part in the combat. As recalled by Don Lopez, Witold Urbanowicz impressed him very much with his ability to describe the events of combat. Please note that the latter had at the moment over 10 years of flying and 16 downed a/c on his account. To compare, Francis Gabreski on his very first ETO sortie was unable to note Fw 190 though he was already quite experienced pilot!
 
Intelligence Combat Reports known also as Intelligence Patrol Reports are the general reports based on PCRs as well as oservations of other pilots. They're fully comparable with PCRs concerning their reliability.
 
Captured Enemy Aircraft Reports are the reports filled after the capture of enemy aircraft or significant bits of it. Sometimes very detailed, sometimes give just only basic comments. The CEAR for two Croat Me 109s was rather not very detailed, nevertheless it gave wrong colour of codes (white instead of black) and caused general confusion re. version of the enemy a/c stating G-6 instead of G-14. Another for Fw 190 captured at Melsbroek gave wrong colour of codes outline again confusing black for white. Regarding the colours, they're usually described in rather vague way thus allowing no specific conclusions. Comment that 'upper surfaces were green' doesn't help a lot having in mind most of Lw camo colours may be percepted this way. CEAR of the German glider (Go 242 IIRC) stated however the ship was in blue-grey scheme contradicting RLM rules. Luckily a bit of fabric survived (this was mentioned in my previous posts) and confirmed the colour to be absolutelly correct Black Green.
 
This can be followed longer but I hope it's enough. I think it will be covered in good detail in the forthcoming book on Lw colours.
 
Concerning the particular CEAR of JAAF aircraft, this indicates only that the a/c were in different colours. But you can't be sure if there weren't any errors commited during the retyping the report (originally handwritten) or ability of the man to differentiate specific shades. He doesn't use knowledgeable terms in kind of light ochre, brunswick green or paris blue nor use any kind of paint chips for comparison. Indeed he describes the colours in rather general way!
 
Going back to the blues, Jim Lansdale was unable to present any proof of EXTERNAL use of blue colour. As noted previously Thorpe's book is now 30 years old. If it was as accurate as Lw books then it can't be used as a reference any more.
Of course if there's any material evidence of dark blue A22 then the whole matter could look in very different way. However where is that evidence? Aren't the Akimoto interviews the only source for the colour? For God's sake, if there was a bit of a/c with blue used by Thorpe it must be somewhere around!
 
Regarding the photos I've referred to the Lw a/c which are quite well photographed both in colour and B&W. There're also plenty of relics and related documents.
Perhaps the situation with IJAAF is not that good but I don't think it's that bad. In this particular case we've two Ki-43 painted in unusual way and plenty of US soldiers who either had Ektachromes or enough time to get some souvenirs. Something certainly must have survived. I suppose units present at the airfield are known and presumably there're some associations for them.
 
Finally regarding "blueish" caste and stress, those are two different things. Due to lighting, blue sky, kind of haze being in the air everything tends to be percepted in blue. For example one of the An-2s that we've here in Warsaw is painted in US Navy scheme of blue and yellow. Up to 500m it's clearly recognisable, up to 1000m is well visible however wings' colour is not so clearly yellow, over that height you can't notice the a/c at all as it blends against the sky!
I may additionally quote here Tom Cleaver as to his observations of colour in the air.
'As an air-to-air photographer I am constantly
aware of what I am looking at, and I have the time to actually "see it" as more than a shape, which I don't think a pilot in combat really does. I have seen a light blue airplane become "gold" with the sun on it at a low angle (early morning or late afternoon). I've seen airplanes become red when they were actually silver. It all depends.'
 
Shock and adrenalin is another matter, one of my friends was a pilot in the Sonderkommando Elbe and actually rammed a B-17. He doesn't remember anything and laughs of those who claim they remember! Few months before the ram he was downed by Allied fighters and actually it was myself who gave him description of the action and his downing. Again he practically remembered only mass of flames that blew in front of him! Of course at certain moment the man gets used to it but I don't think there were too many who lived so long.
 
Coming to F/L "Jimmy" James' account there're following questions.
How many combats he had before this one?
What was the weather and time?
What was the height and position towards the sun as well as range to e/a?
What was the landscape?
The one however must have in mind that James' observations are only the things he saw and that there's just too large marigin of error. As long as there's no other evidence referring to this particular Hayabusa it's just only statement of Allied pilot.
 
Re: Evidence
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Friday, 16 August 2002, at 12:49 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Evidence (Franek Grabowski)
 
The first part of your reply, (apart from appearing to assume I don't know the difference between the various types of reports) merely underpins my own position that they reflect the characteristics of the individual completing them. Some may be more reliable - others less so.
 
Regarding the intelligence report I cannot be sure there were not errors - you cannot be sure there were - but assessing the report and its information as a whole I do not believe it contains errors. You have not seen it - I have - so I am in a better position than you to assess its accuracy. You are dismissing its evidence on a generality and on the basis of other documents of questionable relevance - I am referring to that evidence as a corroborative component of a broader hypothesis.
 
Going on to Jim Lansdale; we are back to evidence and proof again. Jim has weighed in with further credible evidence for blue aircraft. Regarding Thorpe - you have articulated a perfunctory dismissal of the whole book on the basis of its age and a questionable reference to "Lw" books. I do not believe there is the slightest point in comparing the history of the study of JAAF colour schemes to that of the Luftwaffe. Historians tend not to dismiss a source out of hand but to use it to sift and weigh evidence. The evidence for A22 is provided by Thorpe and corroborated by the later works of others - the existence of combat and intelligence reports referring to blue Oscars adds more weight. You cannot seriously expect me to believe, sir, that the only historic evidence you accept is a tangible piece of metal in your hand or a colour photograph (and I'm not even going to explore the question of provenance or the vagaries of colour reproduction)?
 
On the photographic front you again compare JAAF aircraft to Luftwaffe aircraft. There is no comparison. Learned researchers have argued long and hard over Luftwaffe colours for many years, despite well documented standards, colour chips and a wealth of colour photographs. JAAF data is sparse in comparison and definitive conclusions not so easily drawn.
 
Whilst I appreciate the anecdotal references to the AN-2, Tom Cleavers opinion and the recollection (or non-recollection) of one member of Sonderkommando Elbe, none of it provides evidence against the use of dark blue paint by the JAAF or a reliable refutation of "Jimmy" James observation.
 
I have a list of Japanese aircraft paints, very kindly provided to me by Joern Leckscheid and I believe sourced from Owaki-san. This includes the following:-
 
No.3 Hairanshoku "Dark Blue Grey"
No. 32 Kokuranshoku "Dark Blue"
No.13 Ao-iro "Sea Blue"
No.17 Tanseishoku "Medium Blue-Grey"
 
Weighing all the evidence I think it very likely that some JAAF aircraft were painted blue (or a colour that became blue) and I am confident that further evidence of this, and the reason(s) for it, will come to light.
 
Re: Evidence
 
Posted By: Franek Grabowski <frantag@friko4.onet.pl>
Date: Friday, 16 August 2002, at 7:53 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Evidence (Nick Millman)
 
All the time I've tried to show you, your evidence is too vague. While I can't proove your reports are wrong, you can't find any evidence they're correct. And as yet the only first hand (or almost first hand) evidence are those few Allied reports.
The fact of use the blue colour on internal systems by Japanese aviation is no good evidence either as every AF had own colours to designate piping etc. and that not means there were quantities of those paint and will to use them on external surfaces.
Regarding Thorpe's book, the fact that wealthy archive material was declassified, released and allowed for copying in 1970s and later on, says all on the subject.
You wrote:
"You cannot seriously expect me to believe, sir, that the only historic evidence you accept is a tangible piece of metal in your hand or a colour photograph (and I'm not even going to explore the question of provenance or the vagaries of colour reproduction)?"
Why not? I can add few more Japanese documents and/or accounts that would be acceptable but I definetelly don't accept intel reports or post war memories on such a subtle subject as an colour!
You tend not to accept my comparisons to Lw research as well as any of my comparisons. OK. But please have in mind that the comparison analysis is known method of research also in historical one. Having in mind my experience with research of ETO, I've presented my humble opinion on Japanese Blues. It's absolutely up to you what conclusions you draw.
 
PS I've found an detailed description of black Tojo in China 1943, I'll post it separatelly.
 
Re: I've got the JAAF Blues: Increasing Knowledge!
 
Posted By: James F. Lansdale <LRAJIM@aol.com>
Date: Wednesday, 14 August 2002, at 1:03 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: I've got the JAAF Blues (Franek Grabowski)
 
One of the problems we have with the documentation of the IJA use of a "blue" color scheme is that, IIRC, there are no relics from these birds. The second best proof of color is color photography. However, no color photography, that I know of, exists illustrating the use of blue paint on Oscars only artistic interpretations.
 
However, Nick MILMANN is able to quote some CEARs (more than one, I believe) from the CBI and I am able to corroborate the Larry HICKEY research. According to documents in intelligence files researched by Larry, two or three Oscars captured at Cape Gloucester, New Britain I., were painted "blue."
 
Of course, we are a long way from the precise shade of "blue," and it is very probable that these schemes were unit specific. What we need to do is more research (and, it is on-going!) regarding the unit/s which served in both the CBI and on New Britain which may have used this scheme and/or the discovery of further documentry evidence.
 
On-going research and the accumulation of documentation leads to our increased knowledge. We are undergoing an evolution in the discovery of information regarding the Japanese use and application of camouflage and unit markings since the pioneer work of Don THORPE in 1968.
 
There was such an evolution in knowledge regarding the Luftwaffe schemes and unit markings which occurred following the work of Karl RIES Jr. (which was first published in 1963).
 
Work in the area of Japanese camouflage and markings is progressing more slowly because the Germans kept more precise and extensive records than Japan. AND, more of the German records survived the ravages of war than those of Japan.
 
Re: I've got the JAAF Blues: Increasing Knowledge!
 
Posted By: Franek Grabowski <frantag@friko4.onet.pl>
Date: Wednesday, 14 August 2002, at 2:06 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: I've got the JAAF Blues: Increasing Knowledge! (James F. Lansdale)
 
I'd answer in points to make it clearer.
1. Relics are always useful but the one should've always in mind that the paintwork is very prone for discoloration. Sun, air, soil, etc. all are causing changes in paint formula. Without detailed research of the latter eg. by art academy, we can't be sure of anything.
2. I wouldn't overestimate colour photography. Reproduction of colours is still far from perfect with modern films not to mention those old Ektachromes. Additionally there're many factors like lighting, exposition, development, etc. that causes discoloration. Also very often the differencies in colours are very subtle. See the famous example of 357(?)FG Mustangs being painted on the top with dark green paint and sometimes represented as blue ones. I had played some time with the scan of original wartime slide (so first generation) and was unable to shift colours as they should look.
3. I'm able to quote some CEARs as well as PCRs from ETO/MTO giving wrong or misleading information. Most obvious are yellow Fw 190s, silver Me 109s or German a/c in British camouflage during BoB (they aren't friendly fire). Those are only second-hand documents of someone's perception. If my friend had trouble recognising the specific and standard colour and he's more than well known researcher with his work still being considered as a major achievement in the Lw colours research, so what could have been experienced by an IO with usually limited interest with the subject.
4. It's obvious the research goes further on and the knowledge of 1960s-1970s seems funny now. I'm pretty sure we'd have a lot of laugh seeing our comments beyond next 20 years. The research is still going on. I think however the major limiting factor is the Japanese language as well as some cultural differences limiting the access to privately-held documents and testimonies of veterans.
5. I'm not denying existence of blue camouflages in IJAAF, nevertheless I don't see any proof of their existence rather than wishful thinking. Sorry, but something more serious must be found to support such thesis. As yet I don't think there's even any logical thesis supporting such scheme.
 
Re: I've got the JAAF Blues: Increasing Knowledge!
 
Posted By: James F. Lansdale <LRAJIM@aol.com>
Date: Wednesday, 14 August 2002, at 8:27 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: I've got the JAAF Blues: Increasing Knowledge! (Franek Grabowski)
 
I agree with you!
 
All we have are a few contemporary intelligence reports, which have often contained errors, stating that there were blue Oscars found in the field. And some modern folks stating that this constitutes insufficient proof that blue Oscars did in fact exist.
 
To me the balance is, at the moment, tilting toward the view which maintains the existance of such a scheme.
 
The future may bring us more evidence and time will tell!
 
Re: I've got the JAAF Blues
 
Posted By: James F. Lansdale <LRAJIM@aol.com>
Date: Tuesday, 13 August 2002, at 5:30 p.m.
 
In Response To: I've got the JAAF Blues (Nick Millman)
 
Larry HICKEY has some intelligence reports and/or CEARs which detail and document Oscars with a top surface of blue paint found in New Guinea. I may have a copy of that report somewhere.
 
However, I will first check with Larry before going into this further. I believe Larry had some proprietary interest in this information which, IIRC, he was planning to use in an up-coming publication.
 
The bottom line is, there is very credible evidence of the use of a "blue" finish on Oscars. Photos in b/w do not reveal this nor have any relics from such Oscars surfaced, only material in contemporary intelligence reports!
 
colors on IJA bombers *PIC*
 
Posted By: Sean G. <aseang@hotmail.com>
Date: Wednesday, 10 July 2002, at 7:06 a.m.
 
On some of the bombers with the dark green/brown camo, there is a line of torquise dividing the scheme. Does anyone have a color or a mix they've used in the past.
 
Editors note: Picture at http://www.j-aircraft.com/gallery/army/ki-48_gallery_files/ki-48_seth_l_01l.jpg
 
Ki-48 "China Rivers" Scheme Part 1
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Sunday, 14 July 2002, at 5:03 a.m.
 
In Response To: colors on IJA bombers *PIC* (Sean G.)
 
As George rightly says - speculation.
 
This scheme is associated with CBI but apart from one incomplete and indistinct photograph I have not seen any other clear photographic evidence of its application to the Ki-48. There is clear photographic evidence of the use of this type of scheme on the early Ki-21 but, perhaps as a result of the type of film used, the dividing "river" lines appear both very pale (almost white on some b/w photos) and very dark (almost black on other b/w photos).
 
The Hasegawa 1995 re-issue of the original 1976 Mania kit of the Ki-48 provides this scheme as one of two options, identifying an aircraft of the 3rd Chutai of the 8th Hiko Sentai operating over Burma. The colours, using Gunze Sangyo "Mr Color" or "Aqueous" paints, are given as brown, (made up of 70% 7/H7 brown 30% 4/H4 yellow and 30% 6/H6 green), and a dark green, (130 "Kawasaki" dark green), divided by a blue (5/H5).
 
This scheme replicates a colour profile in Maru Mechanic No.16 of 1979 (Kawasaki Ki-48 Army Type 99 Light Bomber) which depicts a greyish earth brown, a deep green and strong deep ultramarine dividing lines. Both the profile and the kit decals depict the 3rd Chutai tail marking stripes as the same blue.
 
The Maru Mechanic profile appears to be reproduced in monochrome on page 75 of Model Art 533 (Camouflage & Markings of the IJA Bombers) together with a photograph of the section of a tail of an 8th Sentai Ki-48. This photograph shows two camouflage shades divided by a much darker line - all softly sprayed. Alas, I cannot fully translate the captions for the profile and photograph on this page - perhaps a Japanese reader can assist us here?
 
"China Rivers" Scheme Part 2 - Model Paints
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Sunday, 14 July 2002, at 5:16 a.m.
 
In Response To: Ki-48 "China Rivers" Scheme Part 1 (Nick Millman)
 
The Gunze Sangyo blue suggested in the Hasegawa kit, 5/H5, is a strong, deep gloss blue and an old conversion chart in my possession suggests Revell 52 (RAL 5005) or Humbrol 15 Midnight Blue as "near" equivalents. However, notwithstanding all this, I cannot determine any camouflage advantages in the use of such a strong deep blue dividing line between the brown and green (if they are brown and green), unless as the single photograph suggests and the type of film used has not distorted them, the camouflage colours are very pale indeed.
 
Peter Fearis, in his book "The Samurai Wings - A Modeller's Guide to the Colour Schemes & Markings of Imperial Japanese Army Aircraft 1939-1945" identifies the dividing line colour as a Pale Blue Grey, equivalent to FS *5414, and suggests Aeromaster 9074 and Tamiya XF23 as suitable model paints. He also asserts that it was applied by brush, between 3 and 6 inches wide (7.5cm-15cm) giving a hard edge. Whilst this might be true of the Ki-21, the single photograph of the Ki-48 tail suggests the soft-sprayed application of a dark colour.
 
Harvey Low, in his excellent and essential paint guide to JAAF aircraft featured in FineScale Modeler magazine of December 1998, mentions that the colours of the China segmented scheme were occasionally "separated by thin blue lines to simulate rivers in the terrain these aircraft flew over". He does not specifically identify the blue but suggests FS35183 for the Medium Blue used in markings (and presumably readily available for camouflage purposes too), with Aeromaster 9004, Humbrol 25, Polly Scale 505216, Tamiya XF-8 and Testors 2032 as suitable model paint equivalents. Harvey also suggests FS35526 for the Pale Blue Grey, with Aeromaster 9101, Gunze Sangyo H67 and Polly Scale 505248 as model paint equivalents.
 
Ian K Baker, in his handy "Japanese Army Aircraft Colours & Markings in the Pacific War - And Before" identifies a medium blue being used in this way and although he does not provide a FS equivalent he suggests Humbrol 25 Blue as a suitable model paint. He also considers this blue may have been lighter, around FS*5183 & FS*5184, for which he suggests Humbrol 109 WWI Blue and, alternatively, a mixture of 8 parts white with 3 parts Testors PLA1172 Sea Blue.
 
The Pale Blue Grey identified by Ian as an undersurface colour concurs with Harvey Low's FS35526, but Ian suggests a model paint mix of 17 parts white to 1 part Testors MM FS35164 to replicate the colour.
 
I have achieved good results replicating the Pale Blue Grey colour using 9 parts Humbrol H130 Satin White, 1 part H109 WWI Blue and 1 part H124 Satin Petrol Blue (with more white for scale). This is the type of colour that may have been applied to the undersurfaces of 85th Sentai Ki-44 Shoki aircraft in China using Chinese Air Force paints.
 
The intention of the blue lines to represent "rivers" or water courses (if true) suggests that a paler colour would be more effective. Most of the rivers and water courses I remember in China seemed to be an orange, reddish or yellowish brown when seen from the air! I guess in certain lighting or weather conditions they might appear greyish or silvery. But a dark blue?
 
River colors
 
Posted By: richard dunn <rdunn@rhsmith.umd.edu>
Date: Sunday, 14 July 2002, at 6:02 p.m.
 
In Response To: "China Rivers" Scheme Part 2 - Model Paints (Nick Millman)
 
I've never seen a river in China but I've seen the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries including the Potomac, Severn, South River etc. under many lighting conditions and can tell you that a clear blue sky can make a turgid and rain muddied river look VERY blue! A nasty sky can make the same look very grey. Upon close inspection it may be murky and brown/green but under the right conditions from shore or the air it appears a beautiful blue.
 
For what its worth half a world away from China! Perhaps Deniz would care to comment on water courses in Turkey!
 
Re: River colors
 
Posted By: James F. Lansdale <LRAJIM@aol.com>
Date: Sunday, 14 July 2002, at 7:24 p.m.
 
In Response To: River colors (richard dunn)
 
You write, "I've never seen a river in China but I've seen the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries including the Potomac, Severn, South River etc. under many lighting conditions and can tell you that a clear blue sky can make a turgid and rain muddied river look VERY blue!"
 
Perhaps the Japanese were experimenting with a camouflage system which would be applicable for missions over Washington should the need have arisen? (;>)
 
I lived for two years in the D.C. area in the early seventies during my tenure at Holton-Arms School on River Road and I cannot say I ever had the same experiences you have had with the colors of the Potomac!
 
Re: "China Rivers" Part 3; Thorpe
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Sunday, 14 July 2002, at 10:57 a.m.
 
In Response To: "China Rivers" Scheme Part 2 - Model Paints (Nick Millman)
 
Of course when I wrote George in the post above I meant Gus! Sorry Gus!
 
Although he is not referenced much these days it is worth mentioning to complete this summary that the great pioneer Donald W Thorpe identified this scheme as "C5" in his "Japanese Army Air Force Camouflage and Markings World War II" (Aero Publishers Inc., California, 1968). The C5 scheme was described as "alternate segments; greens A1 or A3 and browns A11 or A12, with separating strips of medium blue A23 of from 1" to 3" width, over light grey green A5 (under)surfaces".
 
Thorpe wrote "these strips were to represent the appearance of the many rivers and canals of the Manchurian countryside as observed from high in the air" but he did not attribute the scheme to the Ki-48.
 
The "Thorpe colours" were not identified by FS or Munsell equivalents in the book but a loose colour chart provided printed approximations (painted colour chips were provided on request). The medium blue A23 is a cobalt blue with a strong chroma which I cannot match closely to FS595B. It is somewhere between 15187 and 15182; darker than 15187 but more turquoise than 15182.
 
In a letter written in 1980 which listed his A/N colours with Munsell equivalents, Thorpe identified A23 as10 B5/8.
 
Re: "China Rivers" : Camouflage?
 
Posted By: James F. Lansdale <LRAJIM@aol.com>
Date: Sunday, 14 July 2002, at 3:08 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: "China Rivers" Part 3; Thorpe (Nick Millman)
 
I understand why this method of camouflage separation, a.k.a. "China rivers," would be called thus.
 
As you say, CBI rivers were not "blue". Maybe the coastal waters of the Indian Ocean or the China Sea, but not inland. The purpose of such separation was, in my opinion, not camouflage (ergo the color is of little consequence).
 
As you state in your last paragraph, SEA inland rivers are the color of mud (reddish-brown) or, sometimes, a "slime green," but not blue. Clearly this was not the intent of the 5 to 10 cm color separation line between the larger color segments. If an aircraft in such a scheme were flying at 5,000 to 10,000 feet, the effectiveness of ground camouflage is cleary lost on an attacking aircraft. If it were flying close to the ground, the width of the separation line would be insignificant compared to the true width even of a canal!
 
During WW I mottled camouflage schemes frequently had a hard, but thinner separation, between other colors. These early WW II schemes may have been as a result of the older convention.
 
Re: "China Rivers" : Camouflage?
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Sunday, 14 July 2002, at 3:29 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: "China Rivers" : Camouflage? (James F. Lansdale)
 
I also made exactly this point at the end of my Part 2 posting! The various colour guide references to rivers and canals in China and Manchuria are apocryphal.
 
Encountering a Russian tank (not hostile!) painted in this way, with a very dark blue or black dividing line between shades of olive and brown made me realise it was more likely a camouflage technique to add depth and break-up the outline quite dramatically.
 
Re: Rivers Cam:Sorry! Corrected! (:
 
Posted By: Jim Long <jimilong@msn.com>
Date: Sunday, 14 July 2002, at 5:03 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Rivers Cam:Sorry! Corrected! (: *No Text* (James F. Lansdale)
 
Seems to me that I've seen similar lines on a WWI aircraft and an early U.S. aircraft. One I can point to is in Robert D. Archer's "The Official Monogram US Army Air Service & Air Corps Aircraft Color Guide," Vol 1. Page 61 has two photos of a Sopwith Salamander with its camouflage segments separated by black lines. And I think there is a photo in a privately published set of books on early US aircraft with some similar treatment, but I'll have to hunt that one down.
 
When I saw these lined camouflage patterns, it made me wonder if there was any connection between these early experiments and the Japanese versions. I haven't found an answer yet. Mr. Archer didn't say if there was some special purpose for the lines.
 
Re: Rivers Cam:Sorry! Corrected! (:
 
Posted By: Jim Long <jimilong@msn.com>
Date: Monday, 15 July 2002, at 11:05 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Rivers Cam:Sorry! Corrected! (: (Jim Long)
 
I've been looking around in my library for more pictures of WWI era airplanes with the lined segment camounflage. So far I have found no more. Perhaps it was just that one set in Archer's book that I remember. I don't know. I'll keep looking.
 
In the meanime, let me observe that the prototype of the Ki-21 seems to have had dark lines separating its ligh colored segments, while one of the early Ki-21's--the sixth plane, I believe--had darker segments separated by lighter lines. Also, it appears to me that the Junkers K-37 (Aikoku No. 1) at one point had this lined segment camouflage with dark lines. I doubt that it came from Germany that way, though. I think it got the segments and the lines later.
 
Could the lines we are seeing on these early planes have been a limited test of camouflage that didn't go very far? Might it have been applied to a few early planes only, such as early Ki-21s?
 
Yellow River on ground vehicles too ?
 
Posted By: JCC <modelstories@free.fr>
Date: Monday, 15 July 2002, at 5:57 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Rivers Cam:Sorry! Corrected! (: (Jim Long)
 
Japanese armour camouflage scheme also had a (yellowish?) thin line dividing the tank in about four sections. Here there is obviously no connection with rivers. So I do concur on the "WW1 heritage" style camo. I however would like to hear more about such camo being applied to aircraft as I have only seen it on ground equipment. Of note too is that all the WW1 equipment (the Brussels Army museum has some nice exemples of such camo) I have seen camouflaged this way use a dark dividing line ( frankly black to my eyes) will the Japanese WW2 variant use a light colour (yellow could appear black on pictures but I cannot see how a dark colour could appear light ????)
 
Re: Yellow River on ground vehicles too ?
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Tuesday, 16 July 2002, at 2:07 p.m.
 
In Response To: Yellow River on ground vehicles too ? (JCC)
 
An interesting comment. Some Japanese armour in China replicated the camouflage seen on the Ki-30, Ki-32 and other aircraft of patches of ochre, olive green and reddish-brown (or perhaps the aircraft replicated the armour colours?). They were all IJA.
 
It would be a fascinating hypothesis to suggest that the lines on the aircraft may have been yellow - photographing dark in some films!
 
Re: Yellow River on ground vehicles too ?
 
Posted By: William Knoth <baronred4@cs.com>
Date: Tuesday, 16 July 2002, at 9:41 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: Yellow River on ground vehicles too ? (Nick Millman)
 
You can see this dividing very clear in the W.W.1 german helmets painted in segmented almost squares of blue, yellow, green and dark green divided by black line 1/2 in. thick
 
How dark?
 
Posted By: Graham Boak <graham@agboak.freeserve.co.uk>
Date: Monday, 15 July 2002, at 7:13 a.m.
 
In Response To: Yellow River on ground vehicles too ? (JCC)
 
Blue will photograph light on some emulsions. Similarly, on b+w television ads the "whiter than white" shirts were always blue.
 
This doesn't work for a really dark blue, but is something to bear in mind when studying the colurs of a/c undersides - they were often a much darker bluw than they look in the photos.
 
I presume this would also be true for the blue separator in this scheme.
 
Re: My source *PIC*
 
Posted By: Sean G. <aseang@hotmail.com>
Date: Sunday, 14 July 2002, at 10:19 a.m.
 
In Response To: "China Rivers" Scheme Part 2 - Model Paints (Nick Millman)
 
Thanks for the responses. For our NATS project m finishing up a Ki-46 Otsu in Red Chinese AF colors. Since posting this and checking my reference, I decided to paint the Dinah in the more common and documented green/brown/sand scalloped camo that was being applied to the Br-20 before cat-armaggedon. From the photos I have seen of Nationalist/Red Chinese aircraft during their revolution, paint schemes were not the top priority and there appears to be a smorgasbord of paints left over from US, Russian, Japanese and other stocks.
 
The decal sheet from Blue Rider (BR-0414) has markings for a Dinah, unknown serial assigned to the No.1 Sqd, Air Combat Group, 1945-46. The camo scheme given on the sheet is the Dark Green/Dark Brown with a Pale Turquoise demarcation line.
 
The references given are from the Chinese publication "Military Aircraft of the Chinese Civil War" Further information as given in the Spring 1999, Issue 11 of Insignia magazine available from Blue Rider Publishing.
 
Editors note: Picture no longer available
 
Editors note: Link to http://www.insigniamag.com/
 
Re: My source
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Sunday, 14 July 2002, at 11:14 a.m.
 
In Response To: Re: My source *PIC* (Sean G.)
 
I believe the Blue Rider decals and Insignia magazine image (Insignia is produced by Blue Rider) both originate from the colour profile in the Wings of China book "Military Aircraft in the Chinese Civil War 1945-1955". That profile does not appear to be supported by photographic evidence.
 
The "tri-colour" scheme you mention, if it was the original JAAF "China scheme" rather than a Red Army of China improvisation, is more likely to be ochre, olive green and reddish brown - rather than two greens. In any case I have my doubts that an early Ki-46 in this scheme would have survived long enough to be used by the Red Chinese after 1945 - must have been pretty tatty if it was!
 
If, however, it was a Red Army of China improvisation - who knows what colours were used?
 
Re: My source
 
Posted By: Gus Euripides <geuripides@yahoo.com>
Date: Monday, 15 July 2002, at 5:43 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: My source (Nick Millman)
 
Maybe beat up but not forgotten.
 
Actually, it's not impossible for a Ki-46II to last 4-5 years, even in the Chinese sun. I've seen pictures of Japanese planes at a Naval station in Pennsylvania. They look fine to me! But seriously, we know for a fact that many, if not dozens of Japanese aircraft made it into the 1950's in flyable shape. The Red Chinese kept their Ki-54's and Ki-55's flying well into the fifties. I believe this was the last postwar use of a WWII Japanese aircraft (besides rebuilds and such). The South Koreans had a few Ki-86's and Ki-9's. The Indonesians had the Ki-79a and b, Ki-21, ki-48, Pete, Glen, Rex, Mavis, and Spruce, not to mention the Willow and Jake. In Thailand, they were flying Ki-43II's and III's well into 1949, not to mention the use of Ki-55 trainers. So, it s possible that some Ki-46's kept on flying. Of course, today, we're flying planes that were built in the 1960's (some B-52's) and it's just accepted. In the forties, to fly a plane that was more than two years old was like flying your own coffin. I guess most planes were designed to fall apart after six months (or were not expected to make it six months).
 
Red Chinese Ki-46
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Tuesday, 16 July 2002, at 1:59 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: My source (Gus Euripides)
 
I think perhaps my posting was not very clear in its meaning. I acknowledge the large numbers of ex-JAAF aircraft employed in the Red Army of China and Later Peoples Liberation Army Air Forces - in fact I posted a breakdown of the many types captured and in use some time ago.
 
Our concern here was use of the Ki-46 and more specifically the use of the Ki-46 II in the tri-colour camouflage scheme. The "Wings of China" edition of "Military Aircraft in the Chinese Civil War" suggests that the Communists put only two Dinahs to use, that these were of the Ki-46 III type and were captured in Manchuria. It is asserted that one of these was used as a "fighter in the No.1 Squadron early in 1949". The book, however, includes a colour profile and three-view drawing of the Ki-46 II. Given the text of the book the reliability of the colour profile must be questionable - but there is more.
 
Richard M Bueschel's study of Communist Chinese Air Power (Praeger, New York, 1968) and the Rand study do not record the use of this type by the communists at all, suggesting the very small number is correct.
 
Two JAAF units in Manchuria at the end of the war were equipped with the Ki-46. The 81st Independent Air Squadron, west of Hsinking, had only 5 serviceable Ki-46 on strength and all were reported to be the III model. This unit had been operating from Nanching in China and had moved into Manchuria just before the end of the war.
 
The 42nd Air Training Unit at Yamentum was reported to have had 10 serviceable Ki-46 on strength, of unknown type, although being a training unit it is quite possible some of these were the II model. It is rather unlikely, but granted not impossible, that these aircraft were finished in the tri-colour scheme, in any event a photographic rarity for the Ki-46 as we have discussed above.
 
Therefore my comment as to the likelihood of this type, in this colour scheme, with Red Army of China markings must stand until someone (hopefully) can produce some better evidence, preferably photographic!
 
Re: Red Chinese Ki-46
 
Posted By: Gus Euripides <geuripides@yahoo.com>
Date: Tuesday, 16 July 2002, at 3:33 p.m.
 
In Response To: Red Chinese Ki-46 (Nick Millman)
 
I agree that the prospects of a Ki-46II in the PLaAF look dim, but remember, it was a civil war, and all kinds of planes were flying around. Not unlikely that some defecting pilots flew their planes up north.
 
Re: That's the scheme
 
Posted By: Sean G. <aseang@hotmail.com>
Date: Sunday, 14 July 2002, at 8:01 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: My source (Nick Millman)
 
Yep, that's it. And trust me, it'll have a healthy dose of weathering
 
Re: My source
 
Posted By: John MacGregor <JohnMacG6@hotmail.com>
Date: Sunday, 14 July 2002, at 1:45 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: My source (Nick Millman)
 
Re the Ki46 in this 'Rivers' scheme that Nick mentions. Has anyone EVER seen photographic proof of a Ki46 in this scheme? It just seems plain WRONG to me - why paint a high-altitude recon plane in what is effectively a low- and medium-altitude colour scheme?
 
Re: My source
 
Posted By: Nick Millman
Date: Sunday, 14 July 2002, at 3:19 p.m.
 
In Response To: Re: My source (John MacGregor)
 
I have never seen photographic evidence for the Red Chinese version but a photograph of a Ki-46 II in what appears to be a tri-colour scheme may be found on page 36 of FAOW 38. The aircraft is running up on the ground and bears the tiger emblem of the 18th Independent Chutai.
 
Peter Scott has a profile of this aircraft in his "Emblems of the Rising Sun", (page 79) but depicts a two-colour green and brown scheme. There is also a profile in Mary Mechanic 13 of 1978 depicting it in the tri-colour scheme of ochre, brown and green.
 
Finally the earlier FAOW 64 of August 1975 also has a profile, this time in brown and two greens, a very dark green and an olive green.
 
IMHO all these profiles are interpretations of this photograph which stands out as a singular example of a Dinah in this scheme. Examining the photograph it is possible the scheme was two or three colours, perhaps even with the blue dividing lines between colours.
 
Re: colors on IJA bombers
 
Posted By: Gus Euripides <geuripides@yahoo.com>
Date: Sunday, 14 July 2002, at 1:26 a.m.
 
In Response To: colors on IJA bombers *PIC* (Sean G.)
 
Your guess is as good as mine. I've asked this question at least three times on this website, and until we see a color picture, I guess its all speculation

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